

In 1859, the French poet Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) sent a poem to French writer Victor Hugo (1802-1885) in exile in Guernsey. In his accompanying letter, Baudelaire wrote, “Here are verses made for you and with you in mind,” explaining further: “What was important for me was to quickly convey all that an accident or an image can suggest, and how the sight of a suffering animal directs the mind toward all the beings we love [...]” Hugo and Baudelaire were two very different 19th-century poets, embodying seemingly irreconcilable and incompatible ideas of poetry. Baudelaire dedicated his poem The Swan— whose central motif is exile—to Hugo, weaving in several literary allusions to exile, including Virgil (Aeneas), Ovid, and Dante. In 1862, Victor Hugo published his landmark novel Les Misérables, one of the largest and most significant works of 19th-century literature and the subject of countless adaptations. In one chapter, Hugo responds in a cryptic way, which could be read as ironic, to Baudelaire’s The Swan in the episode when bread is given to swans by a bourgeois family in the Luxembourg Gardens.
To Victor Hugo
I
Andromache, I think of you! That little stream, That mirror, poor and sad, which glittered long ago With the vast majesty of your widow’s grieving, That false Simois swollen by your tears,
Suddenly made fruitful my teeming memory, As I walked across the new Carrousel. Old Paris is no more (the form of a city Changes more quickly, alas! than the human heart);
I see only in memory that camp of stalls, Those piles of shafts, of rough hewn cornices, the grass, The huge stone blocks stained green in puddles of water, And in the windows shine the jumbled bric-a-brac.
Once a menagerie was set up there; There, one morning, at the hour when Labor awakens, Beneath the clear, cold sky when the dismal hubbub Of street-cleaners and scavengers breaks the silence,
I saw a swan that had escaped from his cage, That stroked the dry pavement with his webbed feet And dragged his white plumage over the uneven ground. Beside a dry gutter the bird opened his beak,
Restlessly bathed his wings in the dust And cried, homesick for his fair native lake: “Rain, when will you fall? Thunder, when will you roll?” I see that hapless bird, that strange and fatal myth,
Toward the sky at times, like the man in Ovid, Toward the ironic, cruelly blue sky, Stretch his avid head upon his quivering neck, As if he were reproaching God!
II
Paris changes! but naught in my melancholy Has stirred! New palaces, scaffolding, blocks of stone, Old quarters, all become for me an allegory, And my dear memories are heavier than rocks.
So, before the Louvre, an image oppresses me: I think of my great swan with his crazy motions,
Ridiculous, sublime, like a man in exile, Relentlessly gnawed by longing! and then of you,
Andromache, base chattel, fallen from the embrace Of a mighty husband into the hands of proud Pyrrhus, Standing bowed in rapture before an empty tomb, Widow of Hector, alas! and wife of Helenus!
I think of the negress, wasted and consumptive, Trudging through muddy streets, seeking with a fixed gaze The absent coco-palms of splendid Africa Behind the immense wall of mist;
Of whoever has lost that which is never found Again! Never! Of those who deeply drink of tears And suckle Pain as they would suck the good she-wolf! Of the puny orphans withering like flowers!
Thus in the dim forest to which my soul withdraws, An ancient memory sounds loud the hunting horn! I think of the sailors forgotten on some isle, Of the captives, of the vanquished!...of many others too!
— Charles Baudelaire translated by William Aggeler, The Flowers of Evil (Fresno, CA: Academy Library Guild, 1954)
À Victor Hugo
I
Andromaque, je pense à vous! Ce petit fleuve, Pauvre et triste miroir où jadis resplendit L’immense majesté de vos douleurs de veuve, Ce Simoïs menteur qui par vos pleurs grandit,
A fécondé soudain ma mémoire fertile, Comme je traversais le nouveau Carrousel. Le vieux Paris n’est plus (la forme d’une ville Change plus vite, hélas! que le coeur d’un mortel);
Je ne vois qu’en esprit tout ce camp de baraques, Ces tas de chapiteaux ébauchés et de fûts, Les herbes, les gros blocs verdis par l’eau des flaques, Et, brillant aux carreaux, le bric-à-brac confus.
Là s’étalait jadis une ménagerie; Là je vis, un matin, à l’heure où sous les cieux Froids et clairs le Travail s’éveille, où la voirie Pousse un sombre ouragan dans l’air silencieux,
Un cygne qui s’était évadé de sa cage, Et, de ses pieds palmés frottant le pavé sec, Sur le sol raboteux traînait son blanc plumage. Près d’un ruisseau sans eau la bête ouvrant le bec
Baignait nerveusement ses ailes dans la poudre, Et disait, le coeur plein de son beau lac natal: «Eau, quand donc pleuvras-tu? quand tonneras-tu, foudre?» Je vois ce malheureux, mythe étrange et fatal,
Vers le ciel quelquefois, comme l’homme d’Ovide, Vers le ciel ironique et cruellement bleu, Sur son cou convulsif tendant sa tête avide Comme s’il adressait des reproches à Dieu!
II
Paris change! mais rien dans ma mélancolie N’a bougé! palais neufs, échafaudages, blocs, Vieux faubourgs, tout pour moi devient allégorie Et mes chers souvenirs sont plus lourds que des rocs.
Aussi devant ce Louvre une image m’opprime: Je pense à mon grand cygne, avec ses gestes fous,
Comme les exilés, ridicule et sublime Et rongé d’un désir sans trêve! et puis à vous
Andromaque, des bras d’un grand époux tombée, Vil bétail, sous la main du superbe Pyrrhus, Auprès d’un tombeau vide en extase courbée Veuve d’Hector, hélas! et femme d’Hélénus!
Je pense à la négresse, amaigrie et phtisique Piétinant dans la boue, et cherchant, l’oeil hagard, Les cocotiers absents de la superbe Afrique Derrière la muraille immense du brouillard;
À quiconque a perdu ce qui ne se retrouve Jamais, jamais! à ceux qui s’abreuvent de pleurs Et tètent la Douleur comme une bonne louve! Aux maigres orphelins séchant comme des fleurs!
Ainsi dans la forêt où mon esprit s’exile Un vieux Souvenir sonne à plein souffle du cor! Je pense aux matelots oubliés dans une île, Aux captifs, aux vaincus!... à bien d’autres encor!
— Charles Baudelaire, Les Fleurs du mal (1861)